Research Guides: Artificial Intelligence (AI) : AI in Military

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WAR GAMES: The Use of Robotics and AI in the Military (1994–Present) "Without funding from tax revenues earmarked for military projects, the state of robotics and AI in America would look much different. Each year, Americans spend more on military development and expansion than any other country, and military spending often drives innovation in consumer technology, though not intentionally. In the case of robotics and AI, much of the early funding that enabled breakthroughs in the fi eld came from military appropriation and discretionary spending, and military spending remains an important source of funding for programs in AI and robotics in the twenty-fi rst century. One of the most dramatic results of this spending is the development and spread of semiautonomous drones, robotic machines that can be used to surveil or to attack targets at a distance. Though drones may aid in advancing attacks, by keeping human soldiers out of harm's way, the thousands killed in drone strikes (some unintentionally) in the twenty-first century has raised diffi cult questions about the ethics of robotic warfare."

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Away From Silicon Valley, the Military Is the Ideal Customer "While much has been made of tech’s unwillingness to work with the Pentagon, start-ups are still plumbing the industry’s decades-long ties to the military."
Air Force taps Clearview AI to research face-identifying augmented reality glasses. "In a flier, Clearview said the product “saves lives,” “saves time” and “improves health” by increasing social distancing and keeping officers’ hands free to grab their weapons."

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"The End of Military-Techno Pax Americana? Washington's Strategic Responses to Chinese AI-Enabled Military Technology" (Abstract) "This article uses the international relations (IR) 'polarity' concept as a lens to view the shifting great power dynamics in artificial intelligence (AI) and related enabling technologies. The article describes how and why great power competition is mounting in within several interrelated dual-use technological fields; why these innovations are considered by Washington to be strategically vital, and how (and to what end) the United States is responding to the perceived challenge posed by China to its technological hegemony. The following questions addressed in this paper fill a gap in the existing literature: Will the increasingly competitive U.S.-China relationship dominate world politics creating a new bipolar world order, as opposed to a multipolar one? Why does the U.S. view China's progress in dual-use AI as a threat to its first-mover advantage? How might the U.S. respond to this perceived threat?"
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and military hierarchy (Abstract) "Barone discusses the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in military. AI is amongst trending topics in today's military procurement. Plenty of systems of weapons feature or will feature AI elements. AI is reshaping C4ISR functions as well, as related applications will allow for unprecedented real-time comprehensive situational awareness. The most unknown and underestimated obstacle to the success of AI on the battlefield is military officials' mind set. Most military officials appreciate the possibility of gaining the full control of the battlefield through information superiority as well as of possessing responsive automatic assets immediately reacting to orders on the tactic table. Yet, when they are questioned on the fact that AI-powered applications will be battlefield-wide and will allow the lowest echelons to take autonomous informed decisions, they start looking different."
“Autonomous weapons” as a geopolitical signifier in a national power play: analysing AI imaginaries in Chinese and US military policies (Abstract) “Autonomous weapon systems” (AWS) have been subject to intense discussions for years. Numerous political, academic and legal actors are debating their consequences, with many calling for strict regulation or even a global ban. Surprisingly, it often remains unclear which technologies the term AWS refers to and also in what sense these systems can be characterised as autonomous at all. Despite being feared by many, weapons that are completely self-governing and beyond human control are more of a conceptual possibility than an actual military reality. As will be argued, the conflicting interpretations of AWS are largely the result of the diverse meanings that are constructed in political discourses. These interpretations convert specific understandings of AI into strategic assets and consequently hinder the establishment of common ethical standards and legal regulations. In particular, this article looks at the publicly available military AI strategies and position papers by China and the USA. It analyses how AWS technologies, understood as evoking sociotechnical imaginaries, are politicised to serve particular national interests. The article presents the current theoretical debate, which has sought to find a functional definition of AWS that is sufficiently unambiguous for regulatory or military contexts. Approaching AWS as a phenomenon that is embedded in a particular sociotechnical imaginary, however, flags up the ways in which nation states portray themselves as part of a global AI race, competing over economic, military and geopolitical advantages. Nation states do not just enforce their geopolitical ambitions through a fierce realpolitik rhetoric but also play around with ambiguities in definitions. This especially holds true for China and the USA, since they are regarded and regard themselves as hegemonic antagonists, presenting competing self-conceptions that are apparent in their histories, political doctrines and identities. The way they showcase their AI-driven military prowess indicates an ambivalent rhetoric of legal sobriety, tech-regulation and aggressive national dominance. AWS take on the role of signifiers that are employed to foster political legitimacy or to spark deliberate confusion and deterrence."

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Subject terms to use in Academic Search Complete to give you more resources on the same topics as the articles below:

ARTIFICIAL intelligence
Military robots
Military intelligence
Military technology
CYBERTERRORISM
INFORMATION technology security

Robot Warriors: The Shape of Armies to Come
The Future of Military Automation and Manpower [video] " CRUSER TechCon 2018 Research at NPS. Tuesday 3: Operations The rapid development in autonomous vehicles and artificial intelligence over the last decade has left most analysts and scholars convinced that the armed forces are facing a large scale change of technology, doctrine and organization. But few if any have addressed the question of how large this change will be and in what areas the change will come. It used to be the case that robots were made to perform repetitive and manual tasks, mainly replacing low-skilled workers. This latest version of automation is however being driven by new achievements in artificial intelligence and machine learning, and access to big data. This has the potential to not only change what kind of jobs our robots do, but also what kind of job the humans do. The aim of this paper is to quantify the amount of change and identify where that change will most likely occur. In this paper I use the US Navy as a case study to gain insights into the wider consequences for the armed forces. By using methodology developed for studying the computerization of the US economy, I am able to assess over 1,500 different occupations in the Navy. The 173 military specific occupations have not yet been assessed. The 1,500 occupations are assessed along three critical dimensions: the need for discerning perception and manipulation in task execution, the need for creative intelligence and the need for social intelligence. A task that requires little complexity in perception and manipulation, does not need to creativity and does not interact in a complex manner with others, is thus deemed likely to be computerized and replaced by robots and algorithms. Taking advantage of the extreme detail in the available descriptions of the different occupations, each occupation is thus assigned a probability of being replaced within the next two decades. Around a quarter of the occupations, 400, are found to have a higher than 70 percent chance of being computerized, while 850 have a lower than 30 percent chance of being computerized. More than half of the occupations in the Navy are thus not likely to be directly affected of the coming of the robots. Almost all of the occupations deemed having a high risk of being automated are in support services. Typical examples are culinary specialist, data transcriber, accounting, and a range of occupations involved in maintenance operation of equipment. Surprisingly large shares of the occupations that are deemed to have a high likelihood are either officer's occupations or warrant officer's occupations. Enlisted and civilians are almost unrepresented in this group. Based on these findings there is reason to believe that the potential for computerization is somewhat lower in the armed forces than in the economy as a whole. The occupations that have been assigned a high probability still represent a tantalizing opportunity for the Navy and the armed forces as a whole, and the potential benefits from seeking computerization in these low hanging fruits might be large. Scholars and military planners alike should train their eyes on this topic to get a better understanding of the dynamics and implications of the coming change."

Web Articles

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"Artificial Intelligence is Changing Every Aspect of War" (The Economist) (Intro) "AS THE NAVY plane swooped low over the jungle, it dropped a bundle of devices into the canopy below. Some were microphones, listening for guerrilla footsteps or truck ignitions. Others were seismic detectors, attuned to minute vibrations in the ground. Strangest of all were the olfactory sensors, sniffing out ammonia in human urine. Tens of thousands of these electronic organs beamed their data to drones and on to computers. In minutes, warplanes would be on their way to carpet-bomb the algorithmically ordained grid square. Operation Igloo White was the future of war—in 1970."
Does Artificial Intelligence Change the Nature of War? (Military Strategy Magazine) "The nature of war, as an innately human endeavour, has mostly been thought of as timeless and unchanging. Yet, the rise of Artificial Intelligence, on the battlefield just as in our decision-making process, seems to challenge this assumption. This article explores what this contention entails and suggests that, far from altering the nature of war, AI underlines what is at its core: psychology and passions."
"US launches artificial intelligence military use initiative" (Military Times) (intro)"The United States launched an initiative Thursday promoting international cooperation on the responsible use of artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons by militaries, seeking to impose order on an emerging technology that has the potential to change the way war is waged."

"Prediction and Judgment: Why Artificial Intelligence Increases the Importance of Humans in War" (International Security Journal from MIT) (Abstract) "Recent scholarship on artificial intelligence (AI) and international security focuses on the political and ethical consequences of replacing human warriors with machines. Yet AI is not a simple substitute for human decision-making. The advances in commercial machine learning that are reducing the costs of statistical prediction are simultaneously increasing the value of data (which enable prediction) and judgment (which determines why prediction matters). But these key complements—quality data and clear judgment—may not be present, or present to the same degree, in the uncertain and conflictual business of war. This has two important strategic implications. First, military organizations that adopt AI will tend to become more complex to accommodate the challenges of data and judgment across a variety of decision-making tasks. Second, data and judgment will tend to become attractive targets in strategic competition. As a result, conflicts involving AI complements are likely to unfold very differently than visions of AI substitution would suggest. Rather than rapid robotic wars and decisive shifts in military power, AI-enabled conflict will likely involve significant uncertainty, organizational friction, and chronic controversy. Greater military reliance on AI will therefore make the human element in war even more important, not less."
"U.S. Military Investments in Autonomy and AI: Executive Summary" (Center for Security and Emerging Technology at Georgetown)
"USF Researchers Awarded $5 Million Grant to Study AI Models for the U.S. Military"(College of Engeneering at University of South Florida) "For military planners concerned with optimizing the deployment and use of resources, artificial intelligence is seen as a useful tool. How AI can be developed and tested for use in military operations will be the focus of study for an interdisciplinary team of researchers at the University of South Florida Institute for Artificial Intelligence + X (AI+X) from Computer Science and Engineering, Industrial Management and Systems Engineering, and Psychology."
"$10.5M Army Contract to CMU Lab Will Expand Use of AI in Predictive Maintenance" (Carnegie Mellon University)

SPOTLIGHT Artificial Intelligence An official website of the United States Government, U.S. Department of Defense
Political Declaration on Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy "An increasing number of States are developing military AI capabilities, which may include using AI to enable autonomous systems.1 Military use of AI can and should be ethical, responsible, and enhance international security. Use of AI in armed conflict must be in accord with applicable international humanitarian law, including its fundamental principles. "

"Artificial Intelligence, Autonomy Will Play Crucial Role in Warfare, General Says" (US Department of Defense)
"The use of autonomy and artificial intelligence will play an increasingly vital role in military operations in such places as the Middle East, where U.S. forces no longer have a sizeable military presence, an Army general said."

Streaming Video

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Video Gallery

AI Will Change War

General Says Artificial Intelligence Will Play Important Role in Network Defense

Artificial Intelligence in Military: How will AI, Deep Learning, and Robotics Change Military

Podcasts (Subheading)

Podcasts

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NPR On All Tech Considered Transcripts for "Autonomous Weapons Would Take Warfare To A New Domain, Without Humans"

NPR On All Things Considered Transcripts for "When it comes to the dangers of AI, surveillance poses more risk than anything"

Artificial Intelligence (AI) : AI in Military

AI Military

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Web Articles

Streaming Video

Video Gallery

AI Will Change War

General Says Artificial Intelligence Will Play Important Role in Network Defense

Artificial Intelligence in Military: How will AI, Deep Learning, and Robotics Change Military

Podcasts (Subheading)

Podcasts