Research Guides: Artificial Intelligence (AI) : AI and Ethics

West Valley College Library Books

_____________________________________________________________________________

Great Philosophical Objections to Artificial Intelligence

Digital Soul: Intelligent Machines and Human Values

Towards Sustainable Artificial Intelligence: A Framework to Create Value and Understand Risk

Against Reduction: Designing a Human Future with Machines

Artificial Intelligence: Ethical, Social, and Security Impacts for the Present and the Future

Robot Ethics 2. 0: From Autonomous Cars to ArtificialI Intelligence

WVC Library Subscription Databases

____________________________________________________________________________

To access the West Valley databases you must use your school email address. Instructions can be found here.

If you are off campus you will be required to login to the West Valley College Subscription Databases

using your last name and student ID.

AI can now read emotions – should it? (Jan. 2020)
(Intro) "In its annual report, the AI Now Institute, an interdisciplinary research center studying the societal implications of artificial intelligence, called for a ban on technology designed to recognize people’s emotions in certain cases. Specifically, the researchers said affect recognition technology, also called emotion recognition technology, should not be used in decisions that “impact people’s lives and access to opportunities,” such as hiring decisions or pain assessments, because it is not sufficiently accurate and can lead to biased decisions.

What is this technology, which is already being used and marketed, and why is it raising concerns?"
AI is exciting – and an ethical minefield: 4 essential reads on the risks and concerns about this technology
(Intro) "If you’re like me, you’ve spent a lot of time over the past few months trying to figure out what this AI thing is all about. Large-language models, generative AI, algorithmic bias – it’s a lot for the less tech-savvy of us to sort out, trying to make sense of the myriad headlines about artificial intelligence swirling about.

But understanding how AI works is just part of the dilemma. As a society, we’re also confronting concerns about its social, psychological and ethical effects. Here we spotlight articles about the deeper questions the AI revolution raises about bias and inequality, the learning process, its impact on jobs, and even the artistic process."
AUTOMATED ETHICS: Robotics, Ethics, and Morality (1920s-1950s)
(Intro) "Are there ethical considerations involved in the construction of robots and artificial intelligence? Will there need to be safeguards to protect humanity from their creations? These are some of the questions asked by forward-thinking authors and philosophers who produced still-relevant commentary on the field of computing, robotics, and AI in the 1940s. This set the stage for a discussion of the ethics of artificial intelligence that is ongoing in the twenty-first century, as scientists step closer and closer to the creation of true intelligent machines."
‘Deadbots’ can speak for you after your death. Is that ethical?
(Intro) "Machine-learning systems are increasingly worming their way through our everyday lives, challenging our moral and social values and the rules that govern them. These days, virtual assistants threaten the privacy of the home; news recommenders shape the way we understand the world; risk-prediction systems tip social workers on which children to protect from abuse; while data-driven hiring tools also rank your chances of landing a job. However, the ethics of machine learning remains blurry for many."

If you are off campus you will be required to login to the West Valley College Subscription Databases

using your last name and student ID. Visit the New York Times LibGuide for instructions on how to set up your account.

"We Need to Talk About How Good A.I. Is Getting" "We’re in a golden age of progress in artificial intelligence. It’s time to start taking its potential and risks seriously."
"A.I. Is Not Sentient. Why Do People Say It Is?" "Robots can’t think or feel, despite what the researchers who build them want to believe."
Dealing With Bias in Artificial Intelligence
How Tech Giants Are Devising Real Ethics for Artificial Intelligence

Ethics as attention to context: recommendations for the ethics of artificial intelligence This article shows that current ethics guidance documents and initiatives for artificial intelligence (AI) tend to be dominated by a principled approach to ethics. Although this brings value to the field, it also entails some risks, especially in relation to the abstraction of this form of ethics that makes it poorly equipped to engage with and address deep socio-political issues and the material impacts of AI. This is particularly problematic considering the risk for AI to further entrench already existing social inequalities and injustices and contribute to environmental damage. To respond to this challenge posed by AI ethics today, this article proposes to complement the existing principled approach with an approach to ethics as attention to context and relations. It does so by drawing from alternative ethical theories to the dominant principled one, especially the ethics of care or other feminist approaches to ethics. Related to this, it encourages the inclusion of social sciences and humanities in the development, deployment and use of AI, as well as in AI ethics discussions and initiatives. This article presents this proposal for an ethics as attention to context and formulates a series of practical recommendations to implement this proposal concretely.
In AI We Trust: Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Reliability " One of the main difficulties in assessing artificial intelligence (AI) is the tendency for people to anthropomorphise it. This becomes particularly problematic when we attach human moral activities to AI. For example, the European Commission’s High-level Expert Group on AI (HLEG) have adopted the position that we should establish a relationship of trust with AI and should cultivate trustworthy AI (HLEG AI Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI, 2019, p. 35). Trust is one of the most important and defining activities in human relationships, so proposing that AI should be trusted, is a very serious claim. This paper will show that AI cannot be something that has the capacity to be trusted according to the most prevalent definitions of trust because it does not possess emotive states or can be held responsible for their actions—requirements of the affective and normative accounts of trust. While AI meets all of the requirements of the rational account of trust, it will be shown that this is not actually a type of trust at all, but is instead, a form of reliance. Ultimately, even complex machines such as AI should not be viewed as trustworthy as this undermines the value of interpersonal trust, anthropomorphises AI, and diverts responsibility from those developing and using them."
Reconstructing AI Ethics Principles: Rawlsian Ethics of Artificial Intelligence "The popularisation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies has sparked discussion about their ethical implications. This development has forced governmental organisations, NGOs, and private companies to react and draft ethics guidelines for future development of ethical AI systems. Whereas many ethics guidelines address values familiar to ethicists, they seem to lack in ethical justifications. Furthermore, most tend to neglect the impact of AI on democracy, governance, and public deliberation. Existing research suggest, however, that AI can threaten key elements of western democracies that are ethically relevant. In this paper, Rawls’s theory of justice is applied to draft a set of guidelines for organisations and policy-makers to guide AI development towards a more ethical direction. The goal is to contribute to the broadening of the discussion on AI ethics by exploring the possibility of constructing AI ethics guidelines that are philosophically justified and take a broader perspective of societal justice. The paper discusses how Rawls’s theory of justice as fairness and its key concepts relate to the ongoing developments in AI ethics and gives a proposition of how principles that offer a foundation for operationalising AI ethics in practice could look like if aligned with Rawls’s theory of justice as fairness."
Artificial intelligence ethics by design. Evaluating public perception on the importance of ethical design principles of artificial intelligence "Despite the immense societal importance of ethically designing artificial intelligence, little research on the public perceptions of ethical artificial intelligence principles exists. This becomes even more striking when considering that ethical artificial intelligence development has the aim to be human-centric and of benefit for the whole society. In this study, we investigate how ethical principles (explainability, fairness, security, accountability, accuracy, privacy, and machine autonomy) are weighted in comparison to each other. This is especially important, since simultaneously considering ethical principles is not only costly, but sometimes even impossible, as developers must make specific trade-off decisions. In this paper, we give first answers on the relative importance of ethical principles given a specific use case—the use of artificial intelligence in tax fraud detection. The results of a large conjoint survey ( n = 1099 ) suggest that, by and large, German respondents evaluate the ethical principles as equally important. However, subsequent cluster analysis shows that different preference models for ethically designed systems exist among the German population. These clusters substantially differ not only in the preferred ethical principles but also in the importance levels of the principles themselves. We further describe how these groups are constituted in terms of sociodemographics as well as opinions on artificial intelligence. Societal implications, as well as design challenges, are discussed."
Whom to Trust, How and Why: Untangling Artificial Intelligence Ethics Principles, Trustworthiness, and Trust "In this article, we present an overview of the literature on trust in artificial intelligence (AI) and AI trustworthiness and argue for distinguishing these concepts more clearly and gathering more empirically evidence on what contributes to people’s trusting behaviors. We discuss that trust in AI involves not only reliance on the system itself but also trust in the system’s developers. AI ethics principles such as explainability and transparency are often assumed to promote user trust, but empirical evidence of how such features actually affect how users perceive the system’s trustworthiness is not as abundant or not that clear. AI systems should be recognized as sociotechnical systems, where the people involved in designing, developing, deploying, and using the system are as important as the system for determining whether it is trustworthy. Without recognizing these nuances, “trust in AI” and “trustworthy AI” risk becoming nebulous terms for any desirable feature for AI systems."
A Worldwide Bibliometric Analysis of Publications on Artificial Intelligence and Ethics in the Past Seven Decades " Issues related to artificial intelligence (AI) and ethics have gained much traction worldwide. The impact of AI on society has been extensively discussed. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of research results, citation relationships among researchers, and highly referenced journals on AI and ethics on a global scale. Papers published on AI and ethics were recovered from the Microsoft Academic Graph Collection data set, and the subject terms included “artificial intelligence” and “ethics.” With 66 nations’ researchers contributing to AI and ethics research, 1585 papers on AI and ethics were recovered, up to 5 July 2021. North America, Western Europe, and East Asia were the regions with the highest productivity. The top ten nations produced about 94.37% of the wide variety of papers. The United States accounted for 47.59% (286 articles) of all papers. Switzerland had the highest research production with a million-person ratio (1.39) when adjusted for populace size. It was followed by the Netherlands (1.26) and the United Kingdom (1.19). The most productive authors were found to be Khatib, O. (n = 10), Verner, I. (n = 9), Bekey, G. A. (n = 7), Gennert, M. A. (n = 7), and Chatila, R., (n = 7). Current research shows that research on artificial intelligence and ethics has evolved dramatically over the past 70 years. Moreover, the United States is more involved with AI and ethics research than developing or emerging countries."

The Ethical Considerations of Using AI in Insurance: Striking the Right Balance. (Intro) "Imagine a world where insurance claims are settled within minutes, underwriting is instantaneous, and customer service is available 24/7 without a single hiccup. Sounds like a dream, right? This isn't the future; it's the present, powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI). However, as with any powerful tool, AI has its own ethical dilemmas that the insurance industry must navigate carefully."
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Could AI Pose a Danger to Humankind? (Intro) "In February 2024, OpenAI, an artificial intelligence (AI) research laboratory, unveiled Sora, an AI program that can instantaneously create videos up to a minute long from short text descriptions. The firm described Sora as a "world simulator" capable of producing depictions "of the physical and digital world, and the objects, animals and people that live within them." Observers described Sora as capable of creating uncannily realistic videos but also as vulnerable to some of the pitfalls that have beleaguered other generative AI programs (AI models that can create new written, audio, or visual content). Sora exhibited "hallucinations," a programmer term for when AI programs, sometimes called models, present false information as fact. The program, for example, created videos of real world scenarios in which objects did not comply with the laws of physics. In another example of hallucinations, AI-powered chatbots-software designed to converse with human beings-have been known to make up false facts when asked about real people or occurrences."

AI Revolution "Will AI change the world? Where will it be felt first in the economy and society, and how will society regulate its development?"
The Truth About Killer Robots
Artificial Intelligence: The Risks Could Outweigh the Rewards: A Debate

Web Articles

_____________________________________________________________________________

Streaming Video

_____________________________________________________________________________

The Danger of AI is Weirder Than You Think

How to Get Empowered, Not Overpowered, by AI

The Historian and The Technologist Yuval Harari and Fei-Fei Li in Discussion

Podcasts (Subheading)

Podcasts

_____________________________________________________________________________

McKinsey Podcast Transcripts for "AI Ethics in today’s world"

MIT Sloan Podcast Transcripts for "Starting Now On Technology Ethics: Elizabeth Renieris"